Checking up on local banks

Bank shares took an especially heavy beating in Monday’s stock market sell-off, and no wonder. Despite billions of taxpayer dollars spent on bailouts, financial institutions are failing at a pretty fast clip this year.

According to a report in Monday’s The Wall Street Journal, citing the FDIC, 77 banks have failed this year – five of them last Friday – and some 300 more are viewed by federal regulators as at risk.

And last week, the Congressional Oversight Panel supervising TARP bailout funds released this report warning that many banks are still holding troubled assets on their books.

The problem is particularly acute for smaller banks, the report says, because they hold more commercial loans, with a high default risk, and more whole loans, which also can be wiped out by default faster than a pool of securitized loans. Meanwhile, smaller banks don’t have the same access to capital as larger institutions.

“Given the ongoing uncertainty, vigilance is essential,” the report urges. They’re speaking to federal regulators, but as a journalist you should take this as a sign that your local banking institutions deserve a second look.

It’s not an easy task – banking and finance are complex disciplines with confusing and arcane accounting conventions, terminology, you name. Because they don’t produce ‘stuff’ or provide tangible services like hair cuts or computer repair, they record their numbers differently than those in other sectors.

For starters, here’s a very good article from Investopedia.com about analyzing a banking institution’s income statements, complete with explanatory graphics.

It explains how banks derive income – basically by taking deposits and lending the money out to others at a profitable interest rate. Major risks are that the borrower will default or that interest rates will fall and the bank be obligated to pay out more than it actually earns on loans.

Get to know the regulators at your state level; the National Association of State Credit Union Supervisors and the Conference of State Bank Supervisors can point you in the right direction.

Federal regulatory sites abound and you’ll need to dig to determine who’s in charge of specific companies in your market. The Web sites of the 12 Federal Reserve banks, as well as the federal Comptroller of the Currency, Office of Thrift Supervision and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. all offer other educational materials online.

One interesting place to start is this FDIC database; you can run a report by county or other parameters showing each financial institution ranked by market share of deposits. It’s a fast and convenient way to find out which institutions your readers trust the most with their cash.

Then, check those banks against the American University’s Investigative Reporting Workshop’s BankTracker database. In addition to detailing how much TARP money specific banks received, the database – a synthesis of FDIC reports on thousands of banks — depicts each institution’s ‘troubled asset ratio’ compared to its capital and loan-loss reserves. The closer those two figures, the riskier the bank’s situation and the numbers provide an excellent opening for interviews with local bank execs.